Under the reign of Akbar the Great, the Mughal Empire witnessed significant administrative reforms and the establishment of a centralized state. Here's an overview of the state and government structure during Akbar's rule:
1. Central Administration: Akbar's central administration was based on a well-organized bureaucracy that efficiently governed the empire. The central administration consisted of various departments responsible for specific aspects of governance, such as finance, justice, military affairs, and intelligence. Key officials included the Wazir (chief minister), Diwan (finance minister), Mir Bakshi (military commander), and the Chief Qazi (chief judge).
2. Mansabdari System: Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system, which was a system of military ranking and administrative hierarchy. Under this system, every noble or officer, known as a Mansabdar, was assigned a rank or Mansab. The Mansabdars were given land revenue assignments as their salary, and their ranks determined their military responsibilities and administrative duties.
3. Revenue Administration: Akbar implemented an efficient revenue system known as the "Dahsala" system. The empire was divided into revenue units called "sarkars" and "subahs," which were further subdivided into "parganas" and "mahals." Revenue officials, such as the Amils and the Diwans, were responsible for tax collection, land surveys, and assessment. Akbar's land revenue reforms aimed at increasing revenue collection and reducing the burden on the peasantry.
4. Judicial System: Akbar's judicial system aimed at providing justice to the people and maintaining law and order. The Chief Qazi served as the highest judicial authority, overseeing the legal proceedings and religious matters. The Qazi was assisted by Qazis at the provincial and local levels. Akbar encouraged the use of local customs and traditions in resolving disputes and introduced reforms to ensure fair and efficient administration of justice.
5. Mansabdari Military System: Akbar established a well-structured and powerful military system. The Mansabdari system played a crucial role in organizing and maintaining the imperial army. The Mansabdars, ranked according to their military capabilities and administrative duties, provided the emperor with a loyal and professional military force. The military included cavalry, artillery, and infantry, and was supported by an extensive network of forts and strategic outposts.
6. Religious and Social Policies: Akbar pursued a policy of religious tolerance and integration. He abolished the jizya (tax on non-Muslims) and allowed his subjects to practice their faith freely. He also appointed Hindus and other non-Muslims to important administrative and military positions. Akbar's religious and social policies aimed at fostering unity among diverse communities and maintaining stability within the empire.
Akbar's state and government structure aimed at consolidating his authority, promoting efficient administration, and ensuring justice and welfare for his subjects. His reforms laid the foundation for the Mughal Empire's efficient governance and established a model that influenced future Mughal rulers. The administrative system implemented during Akbar's reign contributed to the empire's stability and helped it become one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in Indian history.
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