Hayat Ashraf

Oceanography is the scientific study of the Earth's oceans, including their physical, chemical, biological, and geological characteristics. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines and subfields that investigate various aspects of the ocean and its interactions with the atmosphere, land, and living organisms. Here are some key aspects of oceanography: 1. Physical Oceanography: Physical oceanography focuses on studying the physical properties of the ocean, such as temperature, salinity, density, currents, waves, and tides. It examines the circulation patterns, energy transfer, and the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere. 2. Chemical Oceanography: Chemical oceanography investigates the composition, distribution, and behavior of chemical substances in the ocean. It examines the cycles of elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, as well as the impacts of human activities, such as pollution and ocean acidification, on ocean chemistry. 3. Biological Oceanography: Bi...