Hayat Ashraf

The syllabus for the Political Science optional subject in the UPSC Civil Services Examination can be divided into two papers: Paper I and Paper II. Below, I will provide a detailed outline of the syllabus for each paper. **Paper I:** 1. Political Theory and Indian Politics:    - Political theory: meaning and approaches    - Theories of the state: liberal, socialist, Marxist, pluralist, and feminist    - Justice: conceptions of justice with reference to Rawls, Nozick, and Amartya Sen    - Equality: social, political, and economic; relationship between equality and freedom    - Rights: meaning and theories; different types of rights; concept of Human Rights    - Democracy: classical and contemporary theories; different models of democracy    - Indian political thought: Dharamshastra, Arthashastra, and Kautilya's thought    - Western political thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, John Stuart ...