Hayat Ashraf

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development projects, poverty reduction, and capacity building. Its primary goal is to reduce poverty and promote shared prosperity by supporting sustainable economic growth and development. The World Bank Group consists of five institutions: 1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD): The IBRD provides loans and credits to middle-income and creditworthy low-income countries for development projects, infrastructure, and other investments. It aims to promote economic development and reduce poverty by financing projects that generate positive social and economic impacts. 2. International Development Association (IDA): The IDA is the concessional arm of the World Bank Group. It provides grants and low-interest loans to the world's poorest countries, which often face significant development challenges and have limited access to finan...

The Maratha bid for supremacy refers to the Maratha Confederacy's efforts to establish their dominance and expand their influence in India during the 18th century. The Marathas, a Hindu warrior group from Western India, emerged as a formidable force and played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of the subcontinent. Here are key points regarding the Maratha bid for supremacy: 1. Rise of the Marathas: The Marathas, under the leadership of Shivaji, started as a regional power in the 17th century. Shivaji successfully carved out an independent Maratha kingdom in Maharashtra, challenging the Mughal Empire's control in the region. 2. Expansion and Conflicts: After Shivaji's death, the Marathas continued to expand their territories and influence under the leadership of the Peshwas. They engaged in conflicts with various regional powers, including the Mughals, the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Nawabs of Bengal and Awadh, and other local rulers. 3. Military Tactics and ...

During the first half of the eighteenth century, Northern India witnessed significant political, social, and economic changes, which had a profound impact on the region. Here are some key aspects of Northern India during this period: 1. Decline of the Mughal Empire: The Mughal Empire, which had once been a powerful and centralized state, experienced a decline in its authority and control. The Mughal emperors during this period were weak and ineffective, leading to a loss of power and the disintegration of the empire. Regional powers and external invasions contributed to the weakening of Mughal rule. 2. Regional Powers: Various regional powers emerged during this period and exerted their influence over Northern India. The most prominent among them were the Nawabs of Bengal, Awadh, and Hyderabad. These regional rulers often acted independently and established their own administrative systems, challenging Mughal authority. 3. Maratha Confederacy: The Marathas, a Hindu warrior group from W...