Hayat Ashraf

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the world's earliest urban civilizations. It emerged around 2600 BCE in the fertile floodplains of the Indus River in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. The civilization thrived for approximately 1,000 years before declining around 1900 BCE. Here are some key features and characteristics of the Indus Valley Civilization: 1. Urban Planning and Architecture: The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization were well-planned and organized. They featured sophisticated urban infrastructure, including grid-like street layouts, advanced drainage systems, and well-built houses made of baked bricks. Cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had impressive structures, including multi-story buildings, public baths, granaries, and citadels. 2. Trade and Economy: The Indus Valley Civilization was engaged in extensive trade networks, both within the civilization and with neighboring regions. Excavations have revea...

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the world's earliest urban civilizations. It emerged around 2600 BCE in the region that is now present-day Pakistan and northwest India. The civilization thrived for over a thousand years and declined around 1900 BCE. Key Features and Achievements: 1. Urban Planning: The Indus Valley cities, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, were remarkably well-planned with a grid-like layout, organized streets, and advanced drainage systems. 2. Agriculture and Economy: The civilization relied heavily on agriculture, cultivating crops like wheat, barley, peas, and cotton. Trade played a significant role, as evidenced by the presence of standardized weights, seals, and the discovery of trade networks with Mesopotamia. 3. Writing System: The Indus script, found on seals, tablets, and pottery, remains undeciphered to this day. It consists of pictographic signs and is one of the earliest known writing systems. 4. Crafts...