Hayat Ashraf

Pressure groups and formal/informal associations are important actors in the political landscape and play significant roles in shaping the polity. Here's a breakdown of their roles and contributions: Pressure Groups: 1. Representation of Interests: Pressure groups represent the interests and concerns of specific segments of society, such as professional associations, trade unions, environmental organizations, or advocacy groups. They amplify the voices of their members and seek to influence policies and decisions that affect their respective constituencies. 2. Advocacy and Lobbying: Pressure groups engage in advocacy and lobbying efforts to influence policymakers and public opinion. They use various strategies, including public campaigns, protests, petitions, and direct communication with policymakers, to push for their policy preferences and promote their causes. 3. Policy Influence: Pressure groups provide expertise, research, and alternative viewpoints on policy issues. They con...