Hayat Ashraf

1. Introduction to Ecology and Environment Ecology: Study of relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. It encompasses interactions within ecosystems. Environment: The sum of all external conditions affecting the life and development of organisms. Includes air, water, soil, and ecosystems. 2. Key Concepts in Ecology Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical surroundings. Examples include forests, grasslands, and deserts. Biomes: Large areas with similar climatic conditions and specific flora and fauna, e.g., tundra, rainforest, and savanna. Biodiversity: Variety of life in an area. Includes genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Trophic Levels: Different levels in a food chain; primary producers, consumers, and decomposers. Ecological Succession: Gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time. 3. Biodiversity and Its Importance Types of Biodiversity: Genetic Diversity: V...

1. Introduction to Internal Security Internal security refers to the protection of a nation from internal threats, including terrorism, insurgency, extremism, communal violence, and cyber threats. The aim is to maintain law, order, and peace, ensuring the safety of citizens and the sovereignty of the state. 2. Key Challenges to Internal Security in India Terrorism: Organized violence targeting civilians and government institutions to spread fear and fulfill ideological, religious, or political objectives. Left-Wing Extremism (Naxalism): Active in central and eastern India, motivated by grievances related to land rights, displacement, and socio-economic inequalities. Insurgency in Northeast India: Multiple insurgent groups in Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, and other states demanding autonomy, identity preservation, or independence. Communal Violence: Religious, ethnic, or caste-based conflicts leading to violence and disruption of social harmony. Cybersecurity Threats: Rising incidents of cy...

1. Understanding Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude Ethics: Study of moral values and principles governing right and wrong conduct. Ethics examines what is good for individuals and society. Integrity: Consistency of actions, values, principles, and expectations. Essential for public servants as it builds trust and reliability. Aptitude: Inherent ability or skill to perform tasks. For civil services, this implies problem-solving skills, decision-making abilities, and emotional intelligence. 2. Foundational Concepts of Ethics Values: Core beliefs that guide behavior; they include honesty, respect, fairness, and compassion. Morality: Personal compass of right and wrong. Duty vs. Consequences: Understanding deontological (duty-based) and consequentialist (outcome-based) ethics. Virtue Ethics: Emphasis on individual character rather than specific actions. Utilitarianism: Greatest good for the greatest number, often employed in public policy. 3. Ethical Theories for Public Administration Deonto...

The Ethics topic in the UPSC exam is a comprehensive and nuanced section that assesses a candidate's ability to apply ethical principles and moral reasoning to complex situations. It encompasses various aspects, including ethical theories (Utilitarianism, Deontology, Virtue Ethics), moral philosophies (Consequentialism, Non-Consequentialism), and values (integrity, honesty, compassion). Candidates are expected to analyze case studies that present ethical dilemmas in public administration, governance, and personal life, and demonstrate critical thinking, objectivity, and sound judgment in their responses. The section also evaluates a candidate's ability to recognize and manage conflicts of interest, take ethical decisions under pressure, and exhibit integrity and honesty in their behavior, with a focus on applying ethical principles to real-life scenarios, making it a crucial aspect of the exam.

चुनावी बॉन्ड पंजीकृत राजनीतिक दलों को चंदा देने के लिए एक वित्तीय साधन है। इसका उद्देश्य राजनीतिक वित्तपोषण में पारदर्शिता को बढ़ाना है। चुनावी बॉण्ड योजना की घोषणा 2017-18 के बजट में की गयी थी। इसके लिए रिज़र्व बैंक एक्ट,1934  तथा जन प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1951 में आवश्यक संसोधन किये गए थे। चुनावी बॉन्ड 1,000 रुपए, 10,000 रुपए, एक लाख रुपए, 10 लाख रुपए और एक करोड़ रुपए के गुणकों में उपलब्ध होते है। कोई भी भारतीय नागरिक या संस्था या कंपनी चुनावी बॉन्ड खरीद सकती है। एक व्‍यक्ति एकल रूप से या अन्‍य व्‍यक्तियों के साथ संयुक्‍त रूप से चुनावी बॉण्‍डों की खरीद कर सकता है। चुनावी बॉन्ड खरीदने वालों के नाम को गोपनीय रखा जाता है। बॉन्ड खरीदने वाले को अपनी सारी जानकारी (केवाईसी) बैंक को देनी होती है। बॉन्ड खरीदने वाले को उसका जिक्र अपनी बैलेंस शीट में भी करना होता है। केवल वही राजनीतिक दल चुनावी बॉन्‍ड प्राप्त कर सकते है,  जो लोक प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1951 की धारा 29ए के तहत पंजीकृत हो तथा जिन्हें लोक सभा या राज्य विधान सभा के पिछले आम चुनाव में कम से कम एक प्रतिशत मत मिले हो। ...

India Constitution:  All Articles (1-395), Parts and Schedules Indian Constitution Introduction In the Beginning, the British came to India in 1600 as traders, in the form of East India company, later on, they got the exclusive right to trade in India under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I. In 1765, the Company, which till now had purely trading functions obtained the ‘diwani’ (i.e., rights over revenue and civil justice) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. This started its career as a territorial power. In 1858, in the wake of the ‘sepoy mutiny’, the British Crown assumed direct responsibility for the governance of India. This rule continued until India was granted independence on August 15, 1947. With Independence came the need of a Constitution. As suggested by M N. Roy (a pioneer of the communist movement in India) in 1934, a constituent assembly was formed for this purpose in 1946 and on January 26, 1950, the constitution came into being. However, various features o...

The Constitution of India is an extensive document with 395 articles spread across 22 parts, alongside 12 schedules.  PREAMBLE WE,  THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. PART I: The Union and its Territory - Articles 1 to 4 cover the Union, states, and new state formations. PART II: Citizenship - Articles 5 to 11 deal with citizenship issues. PART III: Fundamental Rights - Articles 12 to 35 provide fundamental rights to citizens. PART IV: Directive Principles...