International Relations is a crucial component of the UPSC Civil Services Examination, particularly in General Studies Paper II. It examines India’s relations with other countries, international organizations, global groupings, and major global issues. The subject tests understanding of foreign policy, diplomacy, strategic interests, economic engagement, and global governance. A balanced and analytical approach is essential. India’s foreign policy is guided by constitutional principles, national interest, strategic autonomy, peaceful coexistence, and promotion of global peace. Article 51 of the Constitution directs the state to promote international peace and security, maintain just relations among nations, and respect international law. Historically, India adopted Non Alignment during the Cold War, seeking independence from power blocs. In the post Cold War era, India follows multi alignment, engaging with multiple powers simultaneously. India’s neighborhood is central to ...